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Comparison of Big Data storage layers: Delta vs Apache Hudi vs Apache Iceberg. Part#1

Domas Jautakis
7 min readJan 27, 2020

All you will read here is personal opinion or lack of knowledge :) Please feel free to contact me for fixing incorrect parts.

As data engineer who is passionated about Apache Spark I decided to compare different and similar open-source projects like Delta, Hudi and Iceberg. The idea is simple: prepare environment for all three technologies and compare them from Apache Spark and consumption perspectives including Hive and Presto. e. Topic is splitted in three parts:

  • Preparation of single node cluster including: Hadoop, Spark, Hive, Presto and all dependencies.
  • Test how Delta, Hudi, Iceberg will behave with updates, deletes, time-travels, schema merges. Also I will check how transaction logs looks like and what is the size difference with default configs and same volume of data. Please contact me if some other parts are interesting for you.
  • Consumption part from Apache Hive and Presto perspectives

Let’s start from part 1!

Preparation of single node cluster

Versions:

ubuntu-18.04.3-live-server-amd64
openjdk-8-jdk
scala-2.11.12
spark-2.4.4-bin-hadoop2.7
hadoop-2.7.7
apache-hive-2.3.6-bin
presto-server-329.tar
org.apache.iceberg:iceberg-spark-runtime:0.7.0-incubating
org.apache.hudi:hudi-spark-bundle:0.5.0-incubating
io.delta:delta-core_2.11:0.5.0
--
spark-3.0.0-preview2-bin-hadoop2.7 - let's check impact of spark version updagrade :)

In Ubuntu i’m using user spuser. For this user I will generate authorization keys which will be needed for hadoop.

ssh-keygen -t rsa -P '' -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa
cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

The first step is install java 1.8 for Spark:

#1.sudo add-apt-repository ppa:openjdk-r/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install openjdk-8-jdk
sudo update-alternatives --config java
sudo update-alternatives --config javac

Make sure that your java version is 1.8

#2.spuser@acid:~$ java -version
openjdk version "1.8.0_232"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_232-8u232-b09-0ubuntu1~16.04.1-b09)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.232-b09, mixed mode)

Download all required packages

#3.mkdir downloads
cd downloads/
wget https://downloads.lightbend.com/scala/2.11.12/scala-2.11.12.deb
wget http://apache.mirror.vu.lt/apache/spark/spark-2.4.4/spark-2.4.4-bin-hadoop2.7.tgz
wget http://apache.mirror.vu.lt/apache/spark/spark-3.0.0-preview2/spark-3.0.0-preview2-bin-hadoop2.7.tgz
wget https://archive.apache.org/dist/hadoop/core/hadoop-2.7.7/hadoop-2.7.7.tar.gz
wget http://apache.mirror.vu.lt/apache/hive/hive-2.3.6/apache-hive-2.3.6-bin.tar.gz
wget https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/prestosql/presto-cli/329/presto-cli-329-executable.jar
wget https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/prestosql/presto-server/329/presto-server-329.tar.gz

Let’s check sizes what we downloaded:

#4.spuser@acid:~/downloads$ ll -h

Install scala

#5.sudo dpkg -i scala-2.11.12.deb

I will unarchive all packages under directory /usr/local/. For particular versions symlinks will be created, for easier migration in the future:

#6.sudo tar -xzf apache-hive-2.3.6-bin.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
sudo tar -xzf hadoop-2.7.7.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
sudo tar -xzf spark-2.4.4-bin-hadoop2.7.tgz -C /usr/local/
sudo tar -xzf spark-3.0.0-preview2-bin-hadoop2.7.tgz -C /usr/local/
sudo tar -xzf presto-server-329.tar.gz -C /usr/localsudo chown -R spuser /usr/local/apache-hive-2.3.6-bin/
sudo chown -R spuser /usr/local/hadoop-2.7.7/
sudo chown -R spuser /usr/local/spark-2.4.4-bin-hadoop2.7/
sudo chown -R spuser /usr/local/spark-3.0.0-preview2-bin-hadoop2.7/
sudo chown -R spuser /usr/local/presto-server-329/cd /usr/local/
sudo ln -s /usr/local/apache-hive-2.3.6-bin/ /usr/local/hive
sudo chown -h spuser:spuser /usr/local/hive
sudo ln -s /usr/local/hadoop-2.7.7/ /usr/local/hadoop
sudo chown -h spuser:spuser /usr/local/hadoop
sudo ln -s /usr/local/spark-2.4.4-bin-hadoop2.7 /usr/local/spark
sudo chown -h spuser:spuser /usr/local/spark
sudo ln -s /usr/local/spark-3.0.0-preview2-bin-hadoop2.7 /usr/local/spark3
sudo chown -h spuser:spuser /usr/local/spark3
sudo ln -s /usr/local/presto-server-329 /usr/local/presto
sudo chown -h spuser:spuser /usr/local/presto

I will create several folders for logs and hdfs storage. To create some folders under the root is not the best practice, but anyway it’s sandbox:

#7.sudo mkdir /logs
sudo chown -R spuser /logs
mkdir /logs/hadoop#Add dir for data
sudo mkdir /hadoop
sudo chown -R spuser /hadoop
mkdir -p /hadoop/hdfs/namenode
mkdir -p /hadoop/hdfs/datanode#create tmp hadoop dir:
mkdir -p /tmp/hadoop

Now let’s update env. variables — .bashrc:

#8.sudo nano ~/.bashrc
#Add entries in existing file:export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64
export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/binexport HADOOP_HOME=/usr/local/hadoop
export HIVE_HOME=/usr/local/hiveexport PATH=$PATH:$HADOOP_HOME/bin
export PATH=$PATH:$HADOOP_HOME/sbin
export PATH=$PATH:$HIVE_HOME/binexport HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME=$HADOOP_HOME
export HADOOP_COMMON_HOME=$HADOOP_HOME
export HADOOP_HDFS_HOME=$HADOOP_HOME
export HADOOP_CONF_DIR=$HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop
export YARN_HOME=$HADOOP_HOME
export HADOOP_COMMON_LIB_NATIVE_DIR=$HADOOP_HOME/lib/native
export HADOOP_OPTS="-Djava.library.path=$HADOOP_HOME/lib/native"
export HADOOP_LOG_DIR=/logs/hadoopexport SPARK_HOME=/usr/local/spark
export PATH=$PATH:$SPARK_HOME/bin#Save it!#Source it:
source ~/.bashrc

Hadoop related changes

Changes in Hadoop configs, navigate to dir:

#9.cd /usr/local/hadoop/etc/hadoop

hadoop-env.sh:

#10.#Comment existing JAVA_HOME and add new one: 
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64

core-site.xml:

#11.<configuration>
<property>
 <name>hadoop.tmp.dir</name>
   <value>/tmp/hadoop</value>
   <description>A base for other temporary directories.</description>
</property>
 <property>
        <name>fs.defaultFS</name>
        <value>hdfs://localhost:9000</value>
    </property>
</configuration>

mapred-site.xml:

#12.<configuration>
<property>
        <name>mapreduce.framework.name</name>
        <value>yarn</value>
    </property>
</configuration>

hdfs-site.xml:

#13.<configuration>
<property>
        <name>dfs.replication</name>
        <value>1</value>
</property>
<property>
   <name>dfs.namenode.name.dir</name>
   <value>file:/hadoop/hdfs/namenode</value>
 </property>
 <property>
   <name>dfs.datanode.data.dir</name>
   <value>file:/hadoop/hdfs/datanode</value>
 </property>
</configuration>

yarn-site.xml:

#14.<configuration>
<property>
      <name>yarn.nodemanager.aux-services</name>
      <value>mapreduce_shuffle</value>
   </property>
</configuration>

After this HDFS is ready to go, make format and start the services:

#15.hdfs namenode -format
start-all.sh

Let’s check what is running:

#16.spuser@acid:/usr/local/hadoop/etc/hadoop$ jps
9890 DataNode
10275 ResourceManager
10115 SecondaryNameNode
10613 NodeManager
9705 NameNode
10732 Jps

Hive related changes

Create hdfs directories for hive

#17.#Create HDFS dirs:
hdfs dfs -mkdir -p /user/hive/warehouse
hdfs dfs -mkdir /tmp
hdfs dfs -chmod g+w /user/hive/warehouse
hdfs dfs -chmod g+w /tmp

Navigate to hive configuration directory:

#18.cd /usr/local/hive/conf

Create hive-site.xml:

#19.<configuration>
<property>
<name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionURL</name>
<value>jdbc:derby:;databaseName=/usr/local/hive/metastore_db;create=true</value>
<description>
JDBC connect string for a JDBC metastore.
To use SSL to encrypt/authenticate the connection, provide database-specific SSL flag in the connection URL.
For example, jdbc:postgresql://myhost/db?ssl=true for postgres database.
</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>hive.metastore.warehouse.dir</name>
<value>/user/hive/warehouse</value>
<description>location of default database for the warehouse</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>hive.metastore.uris</name>
<value/>
<description>Thrift URI for the remote metastore. Used by metastore client to connect to remote metastore.</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionDriverName</name>
<value>org.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver</value>
<description>Driver class name for a JDBC metastore</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>javax.jdo.PersistenceManagerFactoryClass</name>
<value>org.datanucleus.api.jdo.JDOPersistenceManagerFactory</value>
<description>class implementing the jdo persistence</description>
</property>
<property>
<name>hive.metastore.schema.verification</name>
<value>false</value>
<description/>
</property>
</configuration>

Create hive-env.sh

#20.# The heap size of the jvm stared by hive shell script can be controlled via:
#
export HADOOP_HEAPSIZE=512
#
# Larger heap size may be required when running queries over large number of files or partitions.
# By default hive shell scripts use a heap size of 256 (MB).  Larger heap size would also be
# appropriate for hive server (hwi etc).# Set HADOOP_HOME to point to a specific hadoop install directory
export HADOOP_HOME=/usr/local/hadoop# Hive Configuration Directory can be controlled by:
export HIVE_CONF_DIR=/usr/local/hive/conf# Folder containing extra ibraries required for hive compilation/execution can be controlled by:
export HIVE_AUX_JARS_PATH=/usr/local/hive/lib/*.jar

Before create hive metastore, please update hive-schema-2.3.0.derby.sql otherwise iceberg will not be able to create table and you will get error like:

#21.ERROR metastore.RetryingHMSHandler: Retrying HMSHandler after 2000 ms (attempt 8 of 10) with error: javax.jdo.JDODataStoreException: Insert of object "org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.model.MTable@604201a0" using statement "INSERT INTO TBLS (TBL_ID,OWNER,CREATE_TIME,SD_ID,TBL_NAME,VIEW_EXPANDED_TEXT,LAST_ACCESS_TIME,DB_ID,RETENTION,VIEW_ORIGINAL_TEXT,TBL_TYPE) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)" failed : Column 'IS_REWRITE_ENABLED'  cannot accept a NULL value.

Update hive-schema-2.3.0.derby.sql

#22.nano /usr/local/hive/scripts/metastore/upgrade/derby/hive-schema-2.3.0.derby.sql#update statement: "APP"."TBLS"
CREATE TABLE "APP"."TBLS" ("TBL_ID" BIGINT NOT NULL, "CREATE_TIME" INTEGER NOT NULL, "DB_ID" BIGINT, "LAST_ACCESS_TIME" INTEGER NOT NULL, "OWNER" VARCHAR(767), "RETENTION" INTEGER NOT NULL, "SD_ID" BIGINT, "TBL_NAME" VARCHAR(256), "TBL_TYPE" VARCHAR(128), "VIEW_EXPANDED_TEXT" LONG VARCHAR, "VIEW_ORIGINAL_TEXT" LONG VARCHAR, "IS_REWRITE_ENABLED" CHAR(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N');

After this change let’s create hive metastore:

#23.schematool -initSchema -dbType derby --verbose

Check if schema was created successful:

#24.
...beeline> Initialization script completed
schemaTool completed

Test Hive via CLI:

#25.hive -e "show databases"

Presto related changes

Create config dir:

#26. mkdir -p /usr/local/presto/etc

Create config file /usr/local/presto/etc/config.properties:

#27.coordinator=true
node-scheduler.include-coordinator=true
http-server.http.port=8080
query.max-memory=5GB
query.max-memory-per-node=1GB
query.max-total-memory-per-node=2GB
discovery-server.enabled=true
discovery.uri=http://localhost:8080

Create jvm config file /usr/local/presto/etc/jvm.properties:

#28.-server
-Xmx16G
-XX:+UseG1GC
-XX:G1HeapRegionSize=32M
-XX:+UseGCOverheadLimit
-XX:+ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrent
-XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError
-XX:+ExitOnOutOfMemoryError

Create node config file /usr/local/presto/etc/node.properties:

#29.node.environment=production
node.id=ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-ffffffffffff
node.data-dir=/var/presto/data

Create dir:

#30.sudo mkdir -p /var/presto/data
sudo chown spuser:spuser -h /var/presto
sudo chown spuser:spuser -h /var/presto/data

Create catalog and hive config /usr/local/presto/etc/catalog/hive.properties:

#31.connector.name=hive-hadoop2
hive.metastore.uri=thrift://localhost:9083

Spark related changes

Check scala version

#32.scala -version
#make sure that you can see something like: 
Scala code runner version 2.11.12 -- Copyright 2002-2017, LAMP/EPFL
#otherwise get back to step #5.

Navigate to spark config dir:

#33.cd /usr/local/spark/conf

spark-env.sh:

#34.#add
export HADOOP_CONF_DIR=$HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop
export SPARK_CONF_DIR=/usr/local/spark/conf
export SPARK_LOCAL_IP=127.0.0.1

Copy hive-site.xml, because we will test how delta, hudi, iceberg behavious with Hive and Presto.

#35.cp /usr/local/hive/conf/hive-site.xml /usr/local/spark/conf/

Download all needed dependencies:

#36.spark-shell --packages org.apache.iceberg:iceberg-spark-runtime:0.7.0-incubating,org.apache.hudi:hudi-spark-bundle:0.5.0-incubating,io.delta:delta-core_2.11:0.5.0 --conf 'spark.serializer=org.apache.spark.serializer.KryoSerializer'

Let’s try to store dataframe with all 3 types to make it sure that it works.

Delta

#37.import org.apache.spark.sql.SaveMode._spark.range(1000).toDF.write.format("delta").mode(Overwrite).save("/tmp/delta_tab01")

Hudi

#38.import org.apache.spark.sql.SaveMode._
import org.apache.hudi.DataSourceWriteOptions._
import org.apache.hudi.config.HoodieWriteConfig._spark.range(1000).write.format("org.apache.hudi").option(TABLE_NAME, "hudi_tab01").option(PRECOMBINE_FIELD_OPT_KEY, "id").option(RECORDKEY_FIELD_OPT_KEY, "id").mode(Overwrite).save("/tmp/hudi_tab01")

Iceberg

#39.import org.apache.iceberg.hive.HiveCatalog
import org.apache.iceberg.catalog._
import org.apache.iceberg.Schema
import org.apache.iceberg.types.Types._
import org.apache.iceberg.PartitionSpec
import org.apache.iceberg.spark.SparkSchemaUtil
import org.apache.iceberg.hadoop.HadoopTablesval name = TableIdentifier.of("default","iceberg_tab01");
val df1=spark.range(1000).toDF.withColumn("level",lit("1"))
val df1_schema = SparkSchemaUtil.convert(df1.schema)
val partition_spec=PartitionSpec.builderFor(df1_schema).identity("level").build
val tables = new HadoopTables(spark.sessionState.newHadoopConf())
val table = tables.create(df1_schema, partition_spec, "hdfs:/tmp/iceberg_tab01")df1.write.format("iceberg").mode("append").save("hdfs:/tmp/iceberg_tab01")

Let’s check results in HDFS:

#40.hdfs dfs -ls -h -R /tmp/delta* && hdfs dfs -ls -h -R /tmp/hudi* && hdfs dfs -ls -h -R /tmp/iceberg*

It Works!

Other parts most probably will not be released! Following parts were written, but not published. Now it does not make sense to publish them as most of the products already has new versions and functionalities. I’m not eliminating possibility to re-write those parts in the future.

Apache Spark
Delta Lake
Apache Hudi
Apache Iceberg

--

--

Domas Jautakis
Domas Jautakis

Written by Domas Jautakis

79 Followers
14 Following

Data Engineer

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